External Factors Causing Rwandan Genocide
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
At the beginning of the 1990s renewal of the conflict existed for many years in Rwanda, became the cause of one of the largest scales of humanitarian catastrophe in the human history caused by mass violation of human rights and at the same time the cause of one of the most vivid examples expressing the crime of genocide after the World War II.As a response to the genocide in Rwanda, the International Temporary Tribunal established for Rwanda by the United Nations, like the Temporary Tribunal of former Yugoslavia, is one of the most critical and important stages on a path of the formation of the permanent International Criminal Court established afterwards. It had a major historical impact
on the process of the formation of modern international criminal law, and is therefore the subject of endless interest and research for scholars in the fields of international criminal law, modern international public law and many other disciplines. Along with the establishment of the International Temporary Tribunal for Rwanda and further studies of its activity it is equally important to study the direct cause of the tribunal establishment, the genocide carried out as a result of the armed conflict, research and analysis of causing factors, which are poorly presented in Georgian scientific literature. In 1994 the Rwandan Genocide is a complex phenomenon and is the result of various independent, equally important factors.
The goal of the present research paper is to study and analyze the external events that have taken place in Rwanda for years and have ultimately influenced the Rwandan Genocide.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Bakar Matsaberidze
Ph.D. Student
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
References
“Manifeste des Bahutu, Note sur l’aspect social du probleme racial indigene au Ruanda”, (1957). Retrieved from
http://francegenocidetutsi.org/ManifesteDesBahutuLettreEtCommentaires1958.pdf
A. Brooks, Report of the United Nations Commission for Rwanda-Urundi, UN. Doc. A/5126/ Add.1 (1962).
Addington Saint-David S., The Kings of Rwanda: Fathers of a Nation, The Royal Rwandan Association of
Knighthood and Nobility. Retrieved from http://www.nobility-association.com/PDF%20Files/s.%20a.%20
saint-david%20kings%20of%20rwanda%20Copy.pdf
African Union, Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide International panel of eminent personalities, (2000). Retrieved
from https://www.refworld.org/docid/4d1da8752.html
Blewitt, G.T., (1995). Ad Hoc Tribunals Half a Century After Nuremberg, 149 MIL. REV.
Caplan, G. (2007). Rwanda: Walking The Road to Genocide, The Media and The Rwanda Genocide, London, Pluto Press
Childress, E.S. (2015). From Revolution to Ruin: A Preliminary Look at Rwanda’s First Two Presidents, Gregoire
Kayibanda and Juvenal Habyarimana, and Their Administrations, University of Missouri-Kansas City.
Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286450317_FROM_REVOLUTION_TO_RUIN_A_
PRELIMINARY_LOOK_AT_RWANDA’S_FIRST_TWO_PRESIDENTS_GREGOIRE_KAYIBANDA_
AND_JUVENAL_HABYARIMANA_AND_THEIR_ADMINISTRATIONS
Desforges, A. (1999). ’’Leave None to Tell the Story” Genocide in Rwanda, Human Rights Watch. Retrieved
from https://www1.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/Leave%20None%20to%20tell%20the%20story-%20
Genocide%20in%20Rwanda.pdf
Dorsinville, M.H., Hamilton, R.N., Maung, U.T., Cedile, J. UN Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in East
Africa 1957, Report on Ruanda-Urundi, U.N. Doc. T/1402 (1958), Retrieved from https://digitallibrary.un.org/
record/1299065/files/T_1402-EN.pdf
samecniero Sromebis krebuli 2019
samarTali
Dowden, R. (2007). The Media’s Failure: A Reflection on The Rwanda Genocide, The Media and The Rwanda
Genocide, London, Pluto Press,
Ford, S. (2018). The Impact of the Ad Hoc Tribunals on the International Criminal Court. Retrieved from https://
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3128531
Gourevitch, P. (1999). We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families. Farrar, Straus
and Giroux, New York, NY.
H. Laurentie, E.W.P. Chinnery, L. Mousheng, R.E. Woodbridge, UN Visiting Mission to the Trust Territories
of Ruanda-Urundi and Tanganyika, U.N. Doc. T/217 (1948).Retrieved from https://digitallibrary.un.org/
record/711068?ln=en http://www.nobility-association.com/PDF%20Files/s.%20a.%20saint-david%20
kings%20of%20rwanda%20Copy.pdf
Human Rights Watch, (2006). The Rwandan Genocide: How It Was Prepared. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/
report/rwanda/rwandan-genocide-how-it-was-prepared-human-rights-watch-briefing-paper
International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report, United States Institute of Peace, (2002). Retrieved
from https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Burundi-Report.pdf
Kuperman A.J., (2003). Explaining the Ultimate Escalation in Rwanda: How and Why Tutsi Rebels Provoked a
Retaliatory Genocide, Paper presented at The American Political Science Association Conference, Philadelphia,
PA. Retrieved from http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/ss12.pdf
Lemarchand R., (1970), Rwanda and Burundi, New York, N.Y., U.S.A., Praeger Publishers. Lemarchand, R. (2009).
The Burundi Genocide, From Century of Genocide, 3rd Edition, Taylor & Francis, Inc.
Melvern, L.R. (2000). A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide, London, Zed Books.
Ndiaye, B.W. (1993). Special Rapporteur to Rwanda from 8 to 17 April 1993, Question of the Violations of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Any Part of the World, With Particular Reference to Colonial and Other
Dependent Countries and Territories, United Nations, Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human
Rights, fiftieth Session, U.N. Doc E/CN.4/1994/7Add.1.
Nikuze, D. (2014). The Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda: Origins, Causes, Implementation, Consequences,
and the Post-Genocide Era, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Vol 3, Numb. 5. Retrieved
from https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v3n5-13.pdf
Nkurunziza D.J., (2018). The Origin and Persistence of State Fragility in Burundi, The LSE-Oxford Commission
on State Fragility and Development, Retrieved from https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/
Burundi-report-v2.pdf
Report of the International Commission of Investigation on Human Rights Violations in Rwanda Since October
, 1990, (January 7-21, 1993), Federation Internationale Des Droits De l’Homme – FIDH (Paris), Union
Interafricaine Des Droits De l’Homme Et Des Peuples – UIDH (Ouagadougou), Centre Internationale Des
Droits De la Personne Et Du Developpement Democratique - CIDPDD/ICHRDD (Montreal), Africa Watch
(New York, Washington, London) (1993).
Report of the International Commission of Investigation on Human Rights Violations in Rwanda Since October 1,
, (1993).
Report of the United Nations Commission for Ruanda-Urundi Established Under General Assembly Resolution
(XVI), Question of the Future of Ruanda-Urundi, UN. Doc. A/5126 (1962). Retrieved from https://undocs.
org/en/A/5126
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on
the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, Rome, Italy 1998, A/CONF.183.9* (1998).
Scholz, A. (2015). Hutu, Tutsi and Germans: Racial Cognition in Rwanda Under German Colonia Rule, Leiden
University. Retrieved from https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/35741/MA%20Thesis%20
Anton%20Scholz.pdf?sequence=1
Segal, A. (1964). Massacre in Rwanda, Fabian Research Series 240, Fabian Society, 11 Dartmouth Street, S.W.1., p.18
The United Nations and Rwanda 1993-1996, (1996). The United Nations Blue Books Series, Volume X, The United
Nations Department of Public Information, Reproduction Section, New York, NY.
The Unity of Rwandans - Before The Colonial Period and Under The Colonial Rule – Under The First Republic,
Republic of Rwanda, Office of The President of The Republic, Kigali (1999). Retrieved From http://eastafricaschoolserver.
org/content/_public/Local%20Topics/Rwanda/Rwanda%20Unity.pdf
U.N. General Assembly, Proposed Trusteeship Agreement for Mandated Territory of Ruanda-Urundi Submitted
by The Belgian Government, U.N. Doc. A/159/Rev.2 (1946). Retrieved from https://digitallibrary.un.org/
record/828944
baqar macaberiZe
ruandis genocidis gamomwvevi sagareo faqtorebi
United Nations, General Assembly, The Future of Rwanda-Urundi, U.N. Doc. A/RES/1743 (XVI), (1962).
Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f1dc4c.html
United Nations, GeneralAssembly, The Future of Rwanda-Urundi, U.N. Doc. A/RES/1748 (XVI), (1962). Retrieved
from https://undocs.org/A/RES/1748%20(XVII)
United Nations, Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/RES/808, (1993). Retrieved from https://
undocs.org/S/RES/808(1993)
United Nations, Security Council Resolution 955 (1994). Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, article
Competence of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, U.N. Doc. S/RES/955 (1994). Retrieved from https://
undocs.org/S/RES/955(1994)
United Nations, Trusteeship Council, Twenty-Sixth Session, Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in East Africa,
Report on Ruanda-Urundi, T/1538, (1960). Retrieved from http://www.francegenocidetutsi.org/t1538en.
Uvin P., (1999) Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass Violence, Comparative Politics,
Vol 31, No 3. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/422339?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Van Brakel R., Kerckhoven V.X., (2014). The Emergence of the Identity card in Belgium and its Colonies,
Histories of State Surveillance in Europe and Beyond, Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/258763996_The_emergence_of_the_identity_card_in_Belgium_and_its_colonies
Verwimp P., (1998). Foreign Intervention in Rwanda on the Eve of Genocide (1990-1993): A Game Theory Model,
Genocide Studies Program, Yale University, Center for International and Area Studies. New Haven, CT, Retrievd
from https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/publications/publication.html/46598
Verwimp P., (1999). Development Ideology, the Peasantry and Genocide: Rwanda Represented in Habyarimana’s
Speeches, Genocide Studies Program, Yale University, Center for International and Area Studies. New Haven,
CT, (1999). Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/46636/GS13.pdf